Do Plastic Toys Cause Autism?
Uncover personal stories, empathetic insights, and the nuanced considerations surrounding the potential link between plastic toys and autism. Join us in this exploration, shedding light on the complexities and real-life experiences that shape our understanding.
Do Plastic Toys Cause Autism?
Let's Talk About Plastic Toys and Autism
Have you ever wondered if the toys your children play with could impact their health? There has been a lot of discussion about the potential link between plastic toys and autism in recent years. In this article, we'll explore what science can tell us about this controversial topic.
We'll start by discussing what autism is and what plastic toys are made of. We'll then dive into the scientific research that has been conducted on the topic, including studies that have found a correlation between plastic exposure and autism risk. We'll also discuss the limitations and challenges of studying environmental risk factors for autism.
But it's not all doom and gloom! We'll wrap up by offering practical tips for reducing exposure to harmful plastics in everyday life, including advice for choosing safer toys for your children. So let's get started and learn more about the potential link between plastic toys and autism.
Understanding Autism
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior. It's a spectrum disorder, meaning that symptoms and severity can vary widely from person to person.
Some common symptoms of autism include difficulty with social interactions and communication, repetitive behaviors or routines, and sensory sensitivities. These symptoms can range from mild to severe and can impact a person's ability to function in everyday life.
Diagnosing autism can be a complex process that involves evaluating a person's behavior, development history, and medical history. There is no single test for autism, so diagnosis is typically made through a comprehensive evaluation by a team of healthcare professionals.
Autism is not caused by any one factor, but rather is the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors. While some studies have suggested a potential link between plastic exposure and autism risk, the scientific consensus is still unclear.
If you suspect that your child may have autism or are concerned about their development, it's important to seek out professional evaluation and support. With early intervention and treatment, individuals with autism can lead fulfilling lives.
What Goes into Making Plastic Toys
Have you ever wondered what your child's plastic toys are made of? Most toys are made from a variety of different plastics, each with its own unique properties and potential health risks.
Some common types of plastics used in toys include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), phthalates, and bisphenol A (BPA). PVC is often used in flexible plastic toys and can contain toxic additives such as lead or cadmium. Phthalates are used to make plastics more flexible and have been linked to developmental and reproductive problems. BPA is used in hard plastic toys and has been linked to hormone disruption and other health problems.
While some types of plastics are considered safe for use in toys, others carry potential health risks. The best way to ensure that your child's toys are safe is to choose products from reputable brands that prioritize safety and sustainability.
When shopping for toys, look for products that are labeled as BPA-free, phthalate-free, and PVC-free. You can also opt for toys made from alternative materials such as wood, bamboo, or recycled materials.
By making informed choices about the products you bring into your home, you can help reduce your child's exposure to harmful chemicals and promote a healthier environment for everyone.
What Studies Say about Plastic Toys and Autism
The potential link between plastic toys and autism has been the subject of scientific research for years. While some studies have suggested a correlation between plastic exposure and autism risk, the evidence is still inconclusive.
One study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives found that children with higher levels of phthalates in their urine were more likely to have autism. Phthalates are commonly used in plastics to make them more flexible and can be found in everything from toys to food packaging.
However, other studies have found no significant link between plastic exposure and autism risk. A study published in the journal JAMA Pediatrics found no association between prenatal exposure to BPA and later autism diagnosis.
Studying environmental risk factors for autism is a complex and challenging process. There are many different factors that can influence a person's risk of developing autism, and it can be difficult to isolate the effects of any one factor.
While the scientific evidence on the potential link between plastic toys and autism is still inconclusive, it's always a good idea to take steps to reduce your child's exposure to harmful chemicals. By choosing safer toys made from alternative materials and limiting their exposure to plastics in everyday life, you can help promote a healthier environment for your family.
Common Plastic Types in Toys and Their Health Impacts
Some common types of plastics used in toys include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), phthalates, and bisphenol A (BPA). PVC is often used in flexible plastic toys and can contain toxic additives such as lead or cadmium. Phthalates are used to make plastics more flexible and have been linked to developmental and reproductive problems. BPA is used in hard plastic toys and has been linked to hormone disruption and other health problems.
Parents should be aware of the potential health risks associated with these types of plastics and choose products that are labeled as BPA-free, phthalate-free, and PVC-free. It's also a good idea to opt for toys made from alternative materials such as wood, bamboo, or recycled materials. By taking these simple steps, parents can help reduce their child's exposure to harmful chemicals in everyday life.
The Challenges of Studying Autism and the Environment
Studying the relationship between plastic toys and autism is a complex and challenging process. Environmental risk factors for autism are difficult to study, as there are many different factors that can influence a person's risk of developing the disorder.
One major challenge in studying the relationship between plastic exposure and autism is the potential for confounding factors. For example, children who are exposed to more plastics may also be exposed to other environmental toxins or have other risk factors for autism, making it difficult to isolate the effects of any one factor.
Additionally, the effects of plastic exposure may be influenced by other factors such as genetics, diet, and lifestyle. For example, studies have found that certain genetic variations may increase a person's susceptibility to environmental toxins.
Despite these challenges, researchers continue to explore the potential link between plastic toys and autism. By studying large populations over time and controlling for confounding factors, scientists hope to gain a better understanding of how environmental factors impact autism risk.
While the scientific evidence on the relationship between plastic exposure and autism is still inconclusive, it's important to take steps to reduce your child's exposure to harmful chemicals in everyday life. By choosing safer toys made from alternative materials and promoting a healthy lifestyle, you can help protect your child's health and well-being.
Other Factors that Impact Autism Risk
While plastic exposure has been a topic of concern in relation to autism, there are many other factors that influence a person's risk of developing the disorder. Both genetic and environmental factors have been linked to autism risk, and these factors may interact with plastic exposure in complex ways.
Genetic factors play a major role in autism risk, with multiple genes thought to be involved in the disorder. Researchers have identified several genetic variations that increase a person's susceptibility to environmental toxins, making them more vulnerable to the effects of plastic exposure.
Environmental factors such as air pollution, pesticides, and certain medications have also been linked to autism risk. These factors may interact with plastic exposure to increase a person's overall risk of developing the disorder.
While these factors may contribute to autism risk, they do not necessarily cause the disorder. Autism is a complex and multifactorial disorder with many different possible causes and risk factors.
As researchers continue to explore the relationship between plastic toys and autism, it's important to keep in mind the broader context of environmental risk factors for the disorder. By promoting a healthy lifestyle and minimizing exposure to harmful chemicals in everyday life, you can help reduce your child's overall risk of developing autism and promote their long-term health and well-being.
Choosing Safer Toys and Reducing Exposure to Harmful Chemicals
As a parent, it's natural to want to protect your child from harmful chemicals and toxins in everyday life. While the evidence on the relationship between plastic toys and autism is still inconclusive, there are practical steps you can take to reduce your child's exposure to harmful plastics and other environmental toxins.
When choosing toys for your child, look for safer alternatives made from natural materials such as wood, cloth, or silicone. Avoid toys that contain PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or phthalates, as these chemicals have been linked to a range of health problems.
It's also important to be aware of other sources of environmental toxins in your home and daily life. For example, many household cleaning products contain harmful chemicals that can contribute to respiratory problems and other health issues. Choose natural cleaning products when possible and avoid products that contain bleach, ammonia, or other harsh chemicals.
In addition, be mindful of the food and drinks you consume. Many foods are packaged in plastic containers that can leach harmful chemicals into the food over time. Choose fresh foods whenever possible and store leftovers in glass or ceramic containers instead of plastic.
By taking these simple steps to reduce your child's exposure to harmful plastics and other toxins, you can help promote a healthier environment for your family. While there is no one-size-fits-all approach to reducing environmental risk factors for autism, every small step towards a healthier lifestyle can make a difference in the long run.
FAQs
Do plastic toys cause autism?
The relationship between plastic toys and autism is a complex and controversial topic. While some studies have suggested a potential link between plastic exposure and autism risk, the scientific evidence is still inconclusive. Autism is a multifactorial disorder with many different possible causes and risk factors.
What types of plastics are safe for use in toys?
While some types of plastics are considered safe for use in toys, others carry potential health risks. Parents should look for products that are labeled as BPA-free, phthalate-free, and PVC-free when shopping for toys. It's also a good idea to opt for toys made from alternative materials such as wood, bamboo, or recycled materials.
How can I reduce my child's exposure to harmful plastics?
There are practical steps you can take to reduce your child's exposure to harmful plastics and other environmental toxins. When choosing toys for your child, look for safer alternatives made from natural materials such as wood or cloth. Be mindful of other sources of environmental toxins in your home and daily life, such as household cleaning products and food packaging.
Should I be concerned about plastic exposure if my child has autism?
If your child has already been diagnosed with autism, it's important to focus on providing them with the best possible support and intervention rather than worrying about past exposures. While reducing environmental risk factors may be beneficial in some cases, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating or preventing autism.
How can I support my child with autism?
If your child has been diagnosed with autism, early intervention and treatment can make a significant difference in their development and long-term outcomes. Work closely with healthcare professionals to develop an individualized treatment plan that meets your child's unique needs. Additionally, seek out support groups or resources in your community that can provide guidance and support along the way.
Summary
Studying the relationship between plastic toys and autism is a complex and challenging process, with many different factors that can influence a person's risk of developing the disorder. While the scientific evidence on the potential risks associated with plastic exposure is still inconclusive, there are practical steps you can take to reduce your child's exposure to harmful chemicals and promote a healthier lifestyle.
It's important to keep in mind that plastic exposure is just one of many environmental risk factors for autism, and that genetics also play a major role in the disorder. By promoting a healthy lifestyle and minimizing exposure to harmful chemicals in everyday life, you can help reduce your child's overall risk of developing autism and promote their long-term health and well-being.
Ultimately, navigating the complexities of autism and the environment requires a nuanced approach that takes into account all of the different factors that may contribute to the disorder. By staying informed about the latest research and taking practical steps to reduce environmental risk factors, you can help protect your child's health and well-being and promote a brighter future for all.
Sources
RBT Certification Cost: Everything You Need to Know
One of the most important things to consider is the cost of certification. In this article, we will discuss everything you need to know about RBT certification cost.
Medication For Autism: Understanding The Benefits And Risks
In this blog post, we'll explore the different types of medication used to treat autism, their benefits and risks, and what you need to know if you're considering medication for your child or loved one with autism.
Discover the Impact of Brain Balance Exercises for Autism
Discover the impact of brain balance exercises for autism. Unlock new possibilities for development and growth.
What Is Choice Theory?
Dive into the human side of Choice Theory, exploring the power of intentional decisions in shaping our lives. Uncover how understanding our choices can lead to better relationships, improved mental well-being, and a more fulfilling existence.
What Is Autism Masking? Understanding the Concept
Many individuals with autism have developed coping mechanisms to help them navigate the world and fit in with neurotypical individuals. One of these coping mechanisms is known as "autism masking."
Homeschooling A Child With Autism: Tips and Strategies
In this blog post, we’ll explore some tips and strategies for homeschooling a child with autism that will help you set your child up for success.
Virtual Autism Symptoms Unmasked
Discover the unmasked virtual autism symptoms and the impact of excessive screen time on cognitive development. Unveil the challenges and solutions in the digital age.
What is a Hyperfixation in Autism?
Discover the secrets of hyperfixation in autism! Unravel its positive impact, management strategies, and its effects on daily life.
Exploring Alternative Treatments for Autism
Discover alternative treatments for autism! Explore the efficacy of CAM therapies and the risks of medication use.
Signs of Autism in Adult Women
Many women with autism may go undiagnosed until later in life, due to the fact that the diagnostic criteria for autism have traditionally been based on male behaviors and interests. Here are some signs of autism in adult women to look out for.
Calming Sensory Room Ideas for Autism
Transform your space with calming sensory room ideas for autism. Discover the power of sensory tools and create a haven of relaxation.
Dealing with Meltdowns in Autism
Expert advice for dealing with autism meltdowns. Discover strategies, support, and understanding for managing and preventing meltdowns.
ABA Therapy and Toilet Training
Discover effective ABA therapy and toilet training strategies tailored for children with autism.
ABA Therapy for Feeding Issues
Discover how ABA therapy for feeding issues can help tackle feeding challenges and improve mealtime behavior.
ABA Therapy and Adaptive Skills
Explore ABA therapy and adaptive skills to enhance communication and support for individuals with autism.
ABA Therapy and Visual Supports
Discover how ABA therapy and visual supports enhance communication and learning for individuals with autism.
ABA Therapy and Positive Behavior Supports
Discover how ABA therapy and positive behavior supports enhance skills and well-being for children with autism.
Why Outdoor Play Benefits Kids with Autism?
Discover the benefits of outdoor play for children with autism, from social skills to sensory growth!
Tips for Creating an Autism-Friendly Home
Discover how to create an autism-friendly home for your child with tips on design, sensory needs, and more!
Role-Playing to Boost Social Skills for Kids with Autism
Discover role-playing activities for autism social skills training to empower your child’s social connections!
What’s the Best Therapy for Autism?
Discover the best type of therapy for autism to support your child's unique needs and development!
How to Choose the Right ABA Therapist?
Discover how to choose an ABA therapist for your child with autism. Find the best fit for effective support!
Best Toys for Kids with Autism
Discover the best toys for kids with autism to enhance their play, sensory needs, and developmental skills!
Understanding Autism and Sensory Processing Disorder
Explore the link between autism and sensory processing disorder, and discover ways to support your child.
Parent Tips for Success with ABA Therapy
Discover parent tips for ABA therapy success and support your child’s journey with friendship and guidance!
Managing Autism Meltdowns at Home Strategies
Discover key strategies for managing autism meltdowns at home and create a calming environment for success.
Common Myths About ABA Therapy
Discover the truth behind common myths about ABA therapy and learn the real benefits for children with autism.
ABA Therapy and Self-Advocacy Skills
Explore how ABA therapy and self-advocacy skills empower individuals with autism for a brighter future.
ABA Therapy for Transition Planning
Discover how ABA therapy for transition planning equips individuals with essential skills for successful life changes.
ABA Therapy and Peer-Mediated Interventions
Discover how ABA therapy and peer-mediated interventions can enhance social skills and support for those with autism.
ABA Therapy and Vocational Skills
Explore how ABA therapy and vocational skills empower individuals with autism for greater independence and success.
ABA Therapy and Parent Coaching
Discover how ABA therapy and parent coaching together enhance skills and foster growth in children with autism.
ABA Therapy and Inclusive Education
Discover how aba therapy and inclusive education enhance learning and support for children with autism.
ABA Therapy for Adults with Autism
Discover effective ABA therapy for adults with autism, focusing on skill development and personalized care.
ABA Therapy and Community Inclusion
Discover how ABA therapy and community inclusion empower individuals with autism and enhance family involvement.
ABA Therapy for Adolescents with Autism
Discover effective ABA therapy for adolescents with autism to enhance skills, social interactions, and independence.
ABA Therapy and Independent Living Skills
Discover how ABA therapy and independent living skills empower individuals with autism to thrive and gain independence.
ABA Therapy for Transitioning to Adulthood
Explore ABA therapy for transitioning to adulthood, empowering skills and confidence for autistic individuals.
ABA Therapy for Functional Communication Training
Discover ABA therapy for functional communication training: Empower your child with essential communication skills.
ABA Therapy Approach for Self Injurious Behaviors
Discover ABA therapy for self-injurious behaviors, empowering children with autism through proven techniques.
ABA Therapy for Tackling Repetitive Behaviors
Discover how ABA therapy for repetitive behaviors can transform lives and foster positive change in children.
Executive Functions with ABA Therapy Techniques
Discover how ABA therapy and executive functioning can support your child's development and boost their skills.
ABA Therapy's Effects on Academic Skills
Discover how ABA therapy and academic skills blend to enhance learning and communication for children with autism.
Classification Types of Autism
Explore the classification types of autism, from severity levels to diagnostic criteria and support options.
Is Autism Inherently a Social Disorder?
Explore if autism is a social disorder, unraveling its characteristics and challenges in daily life.
Observing Low Autism Symptoms
Explore low autism symptoms, from subtle traits to support strategies, and enhance understanding of autism.
Different Types of High-Functioning Autism
Explore the different types of high-functioning autism, their characteristics, and effective treatment options.
Spectrum Number Support for Autism
Discover Spectrum number support secrets to maximize resources for autism and build a strong support network.
Is Asperger's Still Relevant Today?
Explore the question, "Is Asperger's still a thing?" and discover the evolving understanding of autism today.
What ASD Means in Autism
Discover what ASD means in autism, from diagnosis to therapies, and support for those affected.
The Most Autistic Person in the World
Discover the remarkable story of the most autistic person in the world and the beauty of embracing diversity.
The 5 Types of Autism
Explore the 5 types of autism and gain insights into understanding and supporting diverse abilities.
High-Level Support in Autism
Discover high-level support in autism and effective strategies to empower individuals for success and independence.
Which Description Suits the DSM-5?
Discover which statement best describes the DSM-5 and its updates for accurate autism diagnosis and treatment.
ABA Therapy for Self- Care Skills
Discover how ABA therapy for self-care skills empowers individuals with autism to thrive in daily life.
ABA for Classroom Success
Discover how ABA for classroom success boosts skills, reduces behavior issues, and enhances student support.
ABA for Autism and PTSD
Explore ABA for autism and PTSD: understanding its impact, effectiveness, and the future of therapeutic practices.
Teaching Problem Solving with ABA
Discover effective strategies for teaching problem solving with ABA to enhance educational outcomes for children.
Building Emotional Resilience with ABA
Discover effective strategies for building emotional resilience with ABA therapy for children with autism.
ABA for Autism and Depression
Discover how ABA for autism and depression can improve communication, social skills, and overall well-being.
Coping Skills in ABA Therapy
Discover effective coping skills in ABA therapy to enhance emotional regulation and daily functioning.
ABA for Anger Management in Autism
Discover how ABA for anger management in autism helps reduce aggression and supports emotional regulation.
Key Facts About Autism Spectrum Disorder
Unveil key facts about autism spectrum disorder and empower your knowledge on diagnosis, treatment, and living with ASD.
Can Elderly People with Autism Need Home Care?
As people with autism age, their needs may change, and they may require additional support and care. For elderly people with autism, home care can be an important way to maintain their independence and quality of life.
ABA Evidence-Based Practices
Discover ABA evidence-based practices for effective autism therapy to support families and caregivers in their journey.
ABA Therapy for Picky Eaters
Discover how ABA therapy for picky eaters can help expand diets and improve mealtime experiences for children.
Going To College With Autism
With the right support and preparation, students with autism can have a successful college experience. In this article, we will explore some tips for going to college with autism.
Is Lack Of Eye Contact An Autism Symptom?
Uncover personal stories, empathetic insights, and practical information on whether the lack of eye contact is a symptom of autism. Join us in this journey, shedding light on the nuanced experiences of individuals on the autism spectrum and the diverse ways they navigate social interactions.
Screen Time and Autism: The Pros and Cons
This article aims to explore the intricate relationship between screen time and autism, shedding light on the current state of research, its implications, and how parents and caregivers can navigate this digital age while ensuring the well-being of children on the autism spectrum.
Home-Based vs. Center-Based ABA Therapy Unveiled
Unveiling the choice between home-based vs. center-based ABA therapy. Discover the advantages, costs, and effectiveness.
What is Response Cost In ABA Therapy?
If you've heard of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy, it's a scientifically-proven approach to treating Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and other developmental disabilities. One of the key concepts in ABA therapy is response cost.
Family Therapy in Autism
Discover the power of family therapy in autism. Foster communication, routine, and understanding for a brighter future.
Are Autistic People Smart?
There are many misconceptions about autism, including the belief that autistic people are not intelligent. However, this is simply not true.
Empowering Growth: Exploring ABA Therapy for 13 Year Olds
Discover the power of ABA therapy for 13-year-olds. Unlock growth, behavior improvement, and enhanced communication skills.
Empowering Families: ABA Parent Training Goals Examples for Growth
Unlock the power of ABA parent training goals! Discover effective methods and examples for growth and empowerment.
Empowering Emotional Autism: Strategies for Support and Growth
Unlocking emotional autism: Discover strategies and support for growth in individuals with emotional autism.
Effective Strategies for Managing Level Two Autism
Discover effective strategies for managing level two autism and enhancing quality of life for individuals on the spectrum.
Effective Autism Treatment Options for Children
Discover effective autism treatment options for children! From early intervention to dietary approaches, unlock their potential today.
Does My Child Have Autism?
Autism, or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a developmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior. In this article, we will explore some common signs and symptoms of autism in children, and what steps parents can take if they suspect their child may have autism.
Does Cerebral Palsy Cause Autism?
Discover the connection between cerebral palsy and autism. Uncover insights into whether cerebral palsy might be linked to autism, offering a compassionate exploration of these conditions and their potential intersections.
Do Vaccines Cause Autism?
In this article, we will examine the evidence and explore the question: do vaccines cause autism?
Discovering the Link Between Autism and Yoga
Unveiling the powerful link between autism and yoga. Discover how yoga positively impacts social skills and sensory processing.
Coping with Autism and Self-Harm
Empower individuals with autism: coping with self-harm and finding support. Discover personalized approaches and intervention strategies.
Communication Difficulties In Autistic Children
Explore the human side of communication difficulties in autistic children. Beyond challenges, discover stories of resilience, creativity, and the unique ways families connect.
Client Power: Embracing the 6 Vital Rights in ABA
Discover the 6 vital client rights in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) - Privacy, Confidentiality, Informed Consent, Choice, Dignity, and Respect. Ensure ethical practice!
Can You Test for Autism in the Womb?
Unveiling the truth: Can you test for autism in the womb? Discover the latest research and ethical considerations.
Breaking it Down: BCBA vs. BCaBA - Understanding the Variances
Unlock the differences between BCBA and BCaBA certifications. Explore educational requirements, salaries, and demand for these professionals.
Breaking Down Barriers: Confronting Autism Stigma
Confronting autism stigma head-on. Unveiling misconceptions, supporting advocacy, and shifting societal perceptions.
Breaking Barriers: Exploring Effective Autism Therapy Services
Discover effective autism therapy services! From ABA therapy to speech and occupational therapy, break barriers and find the support you need.
BCBA vs. RBT: Comparing Certifications in Behavior Analysis
BCBA vs. RBT: Choosing the right certification in behavior analysis. Compare education, responsibilities, and job demand.
Autism Prevalence Increases in Arizona
According to recent studies, the prevalence of autism is increasing globally, and Arizona is no exception. In this article, we will explore the reasons behind the increase in autism prevalence in Arizona and what it means for families and communities.
Autism Prevalence in Virginia: How Many People Have Autism in Virginia
In Virginia, the prevalence of autism is slightly higher than the national average. Let's take a closer look at the statistics and factors that contribute to autism prevalence in Virginia.
Autism In The United States
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1 in 36 children in the United States is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this article, we'll explore what autism is, the prevalence of autism in the United States, and how we can support the autism community.
Autism In Boys vs. Girls: Understanding the Differences
Research suggests that there are differences in how ASD affects boys and girls. In this article, we will explore those differences and what they mean for parents and caregivers.
Autism in 4 Year Olds: Signs and Symptoms
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior. In this article, we will discuss the signs and symptoms of autism in 4 year olds, and what you can do if you suspect your child may have autism.
Autism Evaluation: Screening And Diagnosis
Early intervention can help your child get the support they need to thrive. In this blog, we will explore what an autism evaluation entails, who should get evaluated, and what to expect during the process.
Autism Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5)
The DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing ASD include two main categories: social communication/interaction deficits and restricted/repetitive behaviors. Under each category, there are several specific symptoms that must be present for a diagnosis of ASD.
Autism Diagnosis Code: What You Need to Know
The autism diagnosis code is a five-digit number from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). For autism spectrum disorder, the code is F84.0. Other codes are used for related conditions, such as F84.1 for atypical autism and F84.5 for Asperger's syndrome. ##
Autism Awareness Month: Everything You Need to Know
The prevalence of autism has increased significantly over the past two decades, making it more important than ever to raise awareness and promote acceptance.
Autism and Lifespan Explained: Navigating the Controversy
Unveiling the controversy: Does autism impact lifespan? Explore factors influencing health and social implications.